作者：阳明学院 蔡思慧

作者简介：15级英语专业，曾获校口译大赛一等奖、校英语写作大赛二等奖，曾获省政府奖学金、校一等奖学金

笔记内容概述：本笔记为课程笔记，可用于期末复习，了解词汇学相关知识。

考核：平时30%（课堂表现+期中小测验）期末70%（论文）

• Chapter 1
• Questions about lexicology
  • what is lexicology: a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words
  • nature: theoretically oriented
  • 词汇学角度分析单词lexicology: lexi意为word, -cology-- a subject→ the meaning of the whole word is the study of words
  • scope of English lexicology: themorphological structures of English words；word equivalent; their semantic structure, relations, historical development, fomation, usage, i.e.: morphology(词学/形态学), semantics, etymology(语源学), stylistics(文体学: 正确的语境用正确的词，如：对父亲的不同称呼。若词用在不正确的语境，则会产生文体冲突，如：小品用词的幽默感), lexicography(词典编纂)
• Approaches in the study of English lexicology

• ① synchronic(syn--same, chron--time; 共时研究方法): the study of a word or words at one particular point in time
• ② diachronic( dia--through; 历时研究方法): studyb how a word or words change over a period of time

• What is a word?
• A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning.

• word: the relation between sound and meaning: 具有任意性，同样的发音可以有不同的意义，如morning/ mourning
• word: the relation between sound and form:

• 音素量>字母数量（因为字母可以组合，代表不同的发音）
• early scribes →differences(早期没有印刷术，都是手抄，过程中，会出现错误，久而久之，错误的单词替代了原来的）

• type of words:
• by use(frequency): basic word stock & nonbasic word stock
• by notion(meaning and function): content words & functional words
• by origin: native words & borrowed words

• Three types of borrowed words:

·         ① Denizens: words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language-- e.g: change, shirt, pork, port

·         ② Aliens: borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling-- e.g: kowtow, intermezzo, emir(Arab)

·         ③ Translation-loan: words and expressions form the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns from another language-- e.g: typhoon. black humor, chopstick,silk

• 俚语
• I'm going to need a lot of antifreeze tonight.

• 以前人们习惯喝酒取暖→antifreeze就指酒

• I'd love to surf the Internet but unfortunstely, my computer is a dinosaur.

• 恐龙→久远的东西→电脑太旧

• Wow, your boyfriend is a killer.

• 很帅

• Chapter 2
• Basic concepts

• morpheme: 最小的有意义的语言单位（the smallest meaningful unit in a language）

• 词汇学角度分析morpheme一词: -eme表示smallest, 如: phoneme（pho-sound→the smallest unit of sound）grapheme(graph-to write→the smallest unit of writing)
• 分类: ①free morpheme(自由词素): 可以单独存在②bound morpheme(粘着词素): 不能单独存在，存在于单词当中

• allomorph: 语素的多个变体，如un-和im-均可以表示否定
• affix分类:

• prefix & suffix
• inflectional & derivational affix

·         inflectional affix(曲折词缀): 表示语法关系，不改变含义与词性，如played中-ed为曲折词缀

·         derivational affix(派生词缀): 改变词汇意义，如unhappy中的un-

• root(词根): 一个单词所有词缀去掉后剩余的部分

• 分类: free & bound root

• 总结:

• Chapter 3
• Three periods of English

• Old English: 450-1066

• The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly-inflected language.
• Old English was a highly inflected language just like modern German.
• English has been the language of England for only a comparatively short period. The first people known to inhabit the land were dialects of still another branch of the Indo-European language family.

• Middle English: 1060-1500

• Latin, French, and English existed simutaneously for over a century in Middle English.

• Modern English: 1500-present
  • The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is the creation of new words by means of word formation.

• Vocabulary development:

• ①creation: word formation (affixation....)
• ②semantic change: an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need
• ③borrowing

• 推荐BBC纪录片: 英语发展史(2002)
• Chapter 4
• Word formation: ①affixation（又分为prefixation & suffixation）②compounding/ composition, e.g: black board（黑板一词是black和board两个完整单词的复合）③conversion, e.g: paper n.→to paper the window, paper v.贴纸
• prefix分类：①negative prefix: amortal, indifferent ②reversative prefix: undress, unfold, defrost ③pejorative prefix: malpractice ④prefix of orientation and attitude: antiwar, foreleg
• Minor process of word formation:

• blending: the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word→ blends/ pormateace

• four major groups: ①head+tail: botel= boat + hotel ②head+head: interpol= international police ③head+word: motown=motor+town ④word=tail: airtel=air+hotel

• clipping: a way of forming new words which involves the shortening of a longer word by cuuting a part off the original and using what remains
  • four types: ①front-clipping: telephone→phone, omnibus→bus ②back-clipping: photograph→photo ③front and back clipping: detective→tec ④phrase clipping: non-commisional officer→non-com
• acronymy: the process of forming new words by joining the intitial letters of names of social and political orgnizations or special noun phrases and technique terms

• two types:
• initialisms: letter by letter→BBC
• acronyms: a normal word with pronunciation→UNESCO

• backformation: a process of forming new words considered to be the opposite process of suffixation by the removal of an affix from an existing word. Most words created through back-formation are verbs. Only several words can be used as nouns, e.g: greed←grreedy

• four types:

·         verbs created from abstract nouns: televise←television

·         verbs createtd from nouns ending with -er, -or, -ar: edit←editor

·         verbs created from compound nouns and others: book-keep←bookkeeper

·         verbs created from adjectives: cose←cosy

• Chhaper 8 Changes in Word Meaning
• vocabulary: unstable, change in content and form constantly
• Two major factors that cause changegs in meaning: ① extra-linguistic factors: historical, class, psychological reason ②linguistic factors: shortening, influx of borrowing and analogy
• Six types of meaning changes:

• extension: salary: "salt money"→"fixed regular pay especially for workers"
• narrowing: meat: "food"→"edible flesh"
• elevation（词义的升格）: minister: "a servant"→"an important public official"
• degradation（降格）: silly: "happy, sunny"→"stupid"
• transference
• euphemism