大二阅读与写作词汇整理

作者：阳明学院 蔡思慧

作者简介：15级英语专业，曾获校口译大赛一等奖、校英语写作大赛二等奖，曾获省政府奖学金、校一等奖学金

笔记内容概述：本笔记针对大二阅读与写作（两本书）科目期末考试中的词汇题型，为考试范围整理。

 

大二上（阅写3）

Unit 6 Family

Passage 2-Check Your Vocabulary

enduring         dumbfounded              subsequent            allowances   simultaneously    veto                      spiral                bedrock

 

1. You must make allowances for him because he has been ill.

2. On the day subsequent to the earthquake he went to London.

3. Perhaps this translation can bring new readers to appreciate why he has had such an enduring influence.

4. Ownership of land is the bedrock of democracy.

5. Their profits began to spiral down disastrously.

6. She was completely dumbfounded by the news.

7. To interpret simultaneously is extremely difficult.

8. The British government used its veto to block the proposal.

 

Passage 3-Check Your Vocabulary

1.  Da Vinci was methodical in his research, carefully recording his observations and theories.

If you describe someone as methodical, you mean that they do things carefully, thoroughly, and in order.

 

2. Lucy was a stickler for perfection, and everything had to be exactly right.

If you are a stickler for something, you always demand or require it.

 

3. Their change of policy brought about a reconciliation with Britain.

an end to a disagreement and the start of a good relationship again

 

4. He has a grudge against the world.

 

5. Her job involves critiquing designs by fashion students.

她的工作包括评判时装专业学生的设计。

 

 

Unit 3

Passage 1-Check Your Vocabulary

monopolize	detractor	teeter	twist
futility	entrench	pervasive	backlash
dismiss	totalitarian	size up	be saturated with

1) Books have always been an escape to another place, a spur to thought and a challenge to entrenched patterns.

 

 

2) The marketplace for electronics parts is saturated with hoards of both existing and new vendors.

 

3) As she teetered out, it was plain that she was all but in a panic to get away.

 

4) It was the great delight of Julian’s detractors to compare him unfavorably with their hero, Bruce.

  

5) His taking the bar exam for a third time was pure futility.

 

6) The two companies are trying to monopolize the supply of oil.

 

7) Supermarket shelves abound with “value-added” foods, offering innovative twist on traditional products.

   

8) They fear a racist backlash, following the terrorist attacks on the US.

   

9) Worst of all, this attitude is all too pervasive at the individual level.

  

10) What were the main features of totalitarian dictatorship in Nazi Germany?

 

Passage 2-Check Your Vocabulary

1) Registered Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), variously known as “Private Voluntary Organizations”, “Citizens Associations”, “Civil Society Organizations”, but also increasingly called “NPOs”, an acronym that stands for “Non-Profit Organizations” are on the rise worldwide. (Para.1)

n. word formed from the initial letters of a group of words

 

2) One of the biggest successes of the last decade was the campaign to outlaw landmines where hundreds of NGOs in concert with the Canadian government pushed through a ban in a year. (Para. 2)

prepositional phrase  cooperating together with

 

 

3) NGOs are increasingly playing a vital role as lobbyists and activists at the corporate, national and international levels and their criticisms sometimes lead to reassessment of policies. (Para. 2)

n. a person who tries to persuade (a politician, etc.) to support or oppose proposed legislation

 

4) As the initial optimism at the end of the cold war and the prospect of a “peace dividend” faded with the flaring up of ethno nationalist conflicts across Europe, Asia, and Africa, … (Para. 3)

verb phrase to reach a more violent state

5) In most cases, NGOs responded more effectively to these crises as the international organizations and states grapple with the issue of humanitarian intervention. (Para. 3)

v. to work hard to overcome with

 

6) It is expected that NGOs with proper coordination to avoid dysfunctional competition will assume many of the conventional mandates that are usually undertaken by governments and specialized UN agencies. (Para. 4)

adj. impaired in function, especially of a bodily system or organ

 

7) It is one of the greatest paradoxes of our time that globalization has been associated with increased intra-state tensions, and has exacerbated a host of worries over the environment, labour rights, human rights, consumer rights, and so on. (Para. 5)

v. to make more violent, bitter, or severe

 

8) …, they can organize to demonstrate against or even derail the gathering of any organization whose operations they feel detrimental to the environment, labour rights, poverty reduction etc. … ()

adj. obviously harmful

 

9)A case in point is the fact that in an era of decreasing foreign aid, the amount of aid being channelled through NGOs operating in developing countries is going up. According to the World Bank, today NGOs in Africa manage nearly $3.5 billion in external aid compared to under $1 billion in 1990.

A clear example of the problem, situation, etc. Tat is being discussed

 

Unit 4

Passage 1 Check Your Vocabulary 

1) For Americans, the idea of individual freedom has strong, positive connotations. 

n. an idea suggested by a word in addition to its main meaning

 

2) Foreign visitors who understand the degree to which Americans are imbued with the notion … will be able to understand … (Para. 4)

verb phrase be infused with; be filled with strong feelings, opinions or values

 

3) People who are competing with others are essentially alone, trying to maintain their superiority and, implicitly, their separateness from others. (Para. 5)

adv. without ever expressing so clearly

 

4) When the boundaries are crossed, the Americans’ bodies will visibly stiffen and their manner will become cool and aloof. (Para. 7)

adj. remote in manner

 

 

 

5) They dislike being the subjects of open displays of respect — being bowed to, being deferred to, being treated as though they could do no wrong or make no unreasonable requests. (Para. 8)

verb phrase be obeyed

 

6) The superficial friendliness for which US Americans are so well known is related to their informal, egalitarian approach to other people. (Para. 13)

adj. favoring social equality

 

Passage 2-Check Your Vocabulary

balloon           intrude               consequence      inviolate     nuisance          by virtue of           friction        gain insight into        defer to           reverse

 

1) Small changes can become great changes, and a seemingly inconsequential act can have tremendous consequences.

 

2) He was exempt from charges by virtue of the fact that he was so young.

 

3) Arbitrary or unlawful search of, or intrusion into, a resident’s home or other premises shall be prohibited.

 

4) Meditation is often thought of as relaxation, which it is, but one can also gain insight into their lives by just sitting quietly thinking.

 

5) Membership of the club has ballooned beyond all expectations.

 

6) The drunken driver was brought to the police station for violation of traffic regulations.

 

7) I defer to your greater experience in such things.

 

8) It’s a nuisance if the phone rings when you are watching an interesting program on TV.

 

Passage 3-Check Your Vocabulary

Across

1. The author contrasts the American and Vietnamese reactions to death to make the point that Americans’ efforts to hide death are misguided.

2. He is such a nauseating person that no one wants to make friends with him.  

3. The smell of fresh coffee beans is supposed to waft through brightly lit cafés fitted with tables and comfortable chairs.

4. Motorcyclists should wear helmets to shield them from injury.

5. The clown convulsed his audience with laughter by his comical performance.

6. The stoke left my grandmother paralyzed from the waist down.

 

Down

7. Give me a direct answer, and do not evade the issue.

8. The deceased old man did not leave a will and the distribution of his property was a Gordian knot.

9. Anyone who doesn’t come up to the standard will be cast out.

10. The heavy monsoon rains left 17 people dead and thousands displaced in several districts in Sri Lanka.

 

11. People abide by the principle of filial piety in the traditional Chinese families.

12. Please do not slam the door when you leave.

13. The New Year in Vietnam is called Tet.

14. It takes many months to become accommodate to the life in a tropical climate.

15. The patient moved his leg, and let out a faint moan.

16. The function of irony is to satirize, to make an expression humorous and witty,   and, sometimes, to indicate the intimate relationship between the speaker and listener.

 

Unit 5

Passage 1-Check Your Vocabulary

spawn           top up                 loom             destitution     footwork         shed                  foothold           blight     alleviate          mollycoddle           stark              pile in

 

1) Another government spending crisis is looming in the United States.

 

2) New technology has spawned new business opportunities.

 

3)  Drought, floods and nearly two decades of conflict have driven many local people into destitution.

 

4)  The European team has found a new medicine to alleviate the symptoms of flu.

 

5)  His parents must have mollycoddled their child too much, otherwise he wouldn’t have behaved like this.

 

6) He had to do extra jobs at the weekend to top up his income.

 

7) Extreme right-wing parties gained a foothold in the latest European elections.

 

8) The extreme poverty of the local people is in stark contrast to the wealth of the tourists.

 

9) The magazine is desperately trying to shed its old-fashioned image.

 

10) The disease, though not fatal, can blight the lives of its victims

 

Passage 2-Check Your Vocabulary

1)  But with unemployment at 9.5%, some older laid-off workers are taking on these stints to stay busy, gain new skills and expand their networks.

periods of time

 

2)  Before landing the 16-hour-a-week gig, she adds, “I felt guilty and depressed just sitting at home looking for jobs that didn’t exist.”

a temporary job    

 

3)  “We like to work with talented people, to mentor and help them, and it may be a platform for hiring them,” he says.

guide 

 

4)   Some internships come with perks.

extra benefits

 

5)   They’ re hoping their internships, which are listed on their resumes, will boost their odds of success.

chances

 

Passage 3-Check Your Vocabulary-1

1) If he had to stay home, he stashed the car in the garage. (Para. 1)

v. to store something secretly or safely somewhere

 

2) It made no difference that 1,200 other workers were pink-slipped at the same time. (Para. 2)

v. to give an official notice that you have been fired from your job

 

3) After about two months, Cole tired of the charade, and now he thinks that talking about it publicly could help him find employment and inspire others. (Para. 4)

n. pretense or deception

 

4) He realized that those he once thought would shun him often reached out to help. (Para. 4)

v. to deliberately avoid someone or something

 

5) Washington region, experts say, where the self-worth of high-achieving professionals is deeply intertwined with their jobs. (Para. 5)

adj. closely related

 

6) You won’t be invited to parties or be ostracized. (Para. 3)

v. to expel from a community or group

 

7) “I don’t want people to know. They feel sorry for you, and that’s a bittersweet thing,” she said. “It’s just easier to fib about it.” (Para. 8)

v. to tell a small and unimportant lie

 

8) She and her husband use fictitious commitments to put off friends’ invitations for dinner out or weekends away. (Para. 8)

adj. not true

 

9) When Herndon resident Dave Lotocki was laid off from his job in human resources in the spring, his wife, a federal employee, swore him to secrecy, because she did not want neighbors to know their woes. (Para. 10)

n. the problems and troubles that affect someone

 

10) The pain of her cracked crown gnaws at her, a daily reminder of her predicament. (Para. 8)

v. to make someone feel worried or frightened

 

Unit 6

Passage 1-Check Your Vocabulary

 

1) Fewer than a quarter of plastic bottles are recycled, leaving 2 billion lbs. (900 million kg) a year to clog landfills. (Para. 3)

v. to cause to become blocked or filled so that movement is very difficult

 

2) San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom last month barred officials from using municipal funds to buy bottled water, while New York City launched a $1 million campaign this summer to encourage citizens to stick to the city’s famously clean public water. (Para. 4)

v. to prevent movement through or into

 

3) And a few top-flight restaurants that once would never have dreamed of serving tap are ditching the bottles. (Para. 4)

v. to get rid of

 

4) Bottled-water producers feel they’ve been ambushed. “I think the industry is being targeted unfairly,” says Patrick Racz, CEO of Icelandic Water. (Para. 5)

v. to attack from a place where one has hidden and waited

 

 

5) On the defensive, the International Bottled Water Association took out full-page newspaper ads on Aug. 3 touting the health benefits of drinking water. (Para. 5)

v. to praise highly

 

6) It may be hard to do without the car — a much bigger source of CO2 than bottled water — and uncomfortable to forgo air-conditioning, but giving up the bottle is easy. Just turn on the tap. (Para. 6)

v. to give up ,be willing not to have (esp. something pleasant)

 

Passage 2-Check Your Vocabulary

1) On January 1, a federal law took effect requiring food labels to state clearly whether a product contains any one of those main eight culprits.

offenders

 

2) I realized I’m going to have that weird kid at the party with the dairy-free, prune juice cookies.

unusual     

 

3) To cope with her own stress, Mindlin not only founded a local support group, she attends allergy conferences and lobbies local and state governments to protect food-allergic kids in school.

urges

        

4) Parents whose kids dive into birthday cake with abandon aren’t necessarily sympathetic to what they call the peanut police.

indulgence

 

5) I try to be as unobtrusive as possible because I feel like Olivia’s allergies are our issue.

inconspicuous

 

Passage 3–Check Your Vocabulary

1) pharma-ceutical

a noun meaning “a compound manufactured for use as a medicinal drug”  

 

2) anemia

a noun meaning “a condition in which there are too few red cells in the blood”

 

3) soluble  

an adjective meaning “able to be dissolved”

 

4) activate

a verb meaning “to make operative”

 

5) renewal

a noun meaning “giving new life and freshness to”

 

6) obesity

a noun meaning “being unhealthily fat”

 

大二下（阅写4）

Unit 7

Passage 1-Check Your Vocabulary

1) a clandestine meeting

fml. an adjective meaning “secret”

 

2) Offenders will be liable to a heavy fine.

a noun meaning “a financial penalty”

 

3) a lenient sentence

an adjective meaning the opposite of “strict”

 

4) The restaurant was packed.

an adjective meaning “very crowded”

 

5) marquee

a noun meaning “a large tent”

 

6) We managed to scrape together eight volunteers.

a verb phrase meaning “to collect something with difficulty”

 

7) The officers are claiming compensation for trauma after the disaster

a noun meaning “severe shock”

 

 8) a glorious martyr to the cause of liberty

a noun meaning “a person who suffers because of a cause they believe in”

 

Passage 2-Check Your Vocabulary

 

1) The advertisements for plastic surgery on the radio and in newspapers imply that plastic surgery is close to a panacea. (Para. 2)

n. a remedy for all diseases or illnesses

 

2) Many people in their twenties and late teens listen to the radio, hearing those ads that incessantly proclaim the miracle of plastic surgery. (Para. 2)

 v. to publicly and officially tell people about something important

 

3) Could the mainstream popular culture of our youth have resulted in augmentation being the most common plastic surgery for our generation? (Para. 4)

n. enlargement

 

4) Growing spiritually, contributing to the community, and being open to new ideas, will bring as much confidence as an expensive liposuction. (Para. 8)

n. the surgical withdrawal of excess fat from local areas under the skin by means of a small incision and vacuum suctioning

 

5) Some photographs of plastic surgery mistakes are too disgusting and gruesome to describe here. (Para. 5)

adj. causing great horror

 

6) Ironically, the writer of the feminist book The First Wives Club, which the movie was based on, died due to plastic surgery complications. (Para. 6)

n. a secondary disease, an accident, or a negative reaction occurring during the course of an illness and usually aggravating the illness

 

Passage 3-Check Your Vocabulary

1) In light of the imminent threat, Jones and the rest of the hospital residents were ordered to evacuate the area.

     A. occupy   B. retreat from   C. hide in   D. move into

 

2) Aware of their fate, some patients asked the doctors and nurses to leave them lethal doses of medication so that they could commit suicide before the arrival of the enemy.

     A. fatal   B. standard        C. full   D. strong

 

3) When HIV/Aids erupted in the early 1980s, scores of traumatised doctors and dentists refused to treat seropositive patients because of the “excessive personal risk”.

     A. terrified     B. responsible     C. infected  D. Injured

 

4) At present the duty to care is still a nebulous concept, and the SARS epidemics in Canada have highlighted the need to define the scope and nature of the duty better.

     A. bizarre     B. sophisticated C. theoretical  D. Vague

 

5) The newspapers are inundated with stories of medical mistakes, malpractice suits and negligence claims.

     A. are short of                      B. are overwhelmed with  

     C. are free from               D. are open to

 

Unit 8

Passage 1-Check Your Vocabulary

1) But he left behind a valuable legacy of intellectual property — books, speeches, manuscripts, sermons, letters and unpublished papers. (Para. 1)

n. money or property that you receive from someone after they die

 

2) Late last year, the New York Post indicted the family as King’s “ignoble heirs;” the New York Times accused them of “misplaced values,” … (Para. 3)

v. to officially charge someone with a criminal offence

 

 

 

3) … the Houston Chronicle smeared them as “grasping, greedy, tacky…… and, worst of all, unworthy” of their slain patriarch. (Para. 3)

n. an old man who is respected as the head of a family or tribe

 

4) The Kings are guilty, say the critics, of three things: by enforcing their property rights, they limit the dissemination of King’s writings and thereby censor history; … (Para. 7)

n. the act of spreading information, ideas etc. to as many people as possible

 

5) They advocate a de facto appropriation of King’s writings in the name of the “public interest.” (Para. 11)

n. the act of taking control of something without asking permission

 

6) Ignoring property rights, a cornerstone of the liberty King fought to secure, is an inauspicious way to celebrate his birthday. (Para. 13)

adj. seeming to show that future success is unlikely

 

Passage 2-Check Your Vocabulary

 

forgery           streamline      standstill  malicious            provision      wreak            consistency     underestimate out of proportion    in perspective

 

1) We need to ensure the consistency of service to our customers.

2) Traffic in the northbound lane was at a complete standstill, because of the car crash there.

3) We underestimated the time it would take to get the airport, so we missed the plane.

4) Experts are dismissing claims that the painting is a worthless forgery.

5) He was determined to wreak vengeance on those who had betrayed him.

6) He had already made provisions for his wife and children before the accident.

7) In the painting, the person’s head is out of proportion with the body, which is rather strange.

8) The production process is to be streamlined, so that we can save a lot of money.

 

Passage3-Check Your Vocabulary

1) The article was highly defamatory.这篇文章极具诽谤性。

 fml. an adjective describing “the act of writing something that makes people have an unfairly opinion of someone or something”

 

 2) The worst-case scenario would be for the factory to be closed down. 

  a noun meaning “a situation that could possibly happen but has not happened yet”

 

3) crimes allegedly committed during the war  

an adverb used when “reporting something that other people say is true, although there is no proof”

 

4) The company cannot accept liability for any damage caused by natural disasters.

a noun meaning “legal responsibility for something, especially for paying money that is owed, or for damage or injury”

 

blunder

5) The government had blundered in its handling of the affair.

a verb meaning “to make a big mistake, especially because you have been careless or stupid”

 

6) the perpetrators of the crime

a noun meaning “someone does something that is morally wrong or criminal”

 

7) Corporal punishment was banned by statute in 1987.

a noun meaning “a law passed by a parliament, council etc and formally written down”